![]() If you're new to the series, check out /u/triforce_pwnage's comprehensive guide to starting the Fire Emblem series! Also check out his guide on how to play classic mode/"no-grind". Check out the ROM hack library on Fire Emblem Universe. Play Fire Emblem ROM hacks and fangames now! Many boast custom stories, sprites, maps and game mechanics. Join the /r/firemblem Discord server! Find like-minded friends and have fun talking about games or playing together. For Engage specific questions, consider consulting the pinned Engage Question Thread. Please make use of the Question Thread for your quick questions. Please use comment commands if you are on mobile to flair your posts, the comment commands are given here. ![]() Warnings will be given out and suspensions/bans will follow if the behavior is repeated. Mods will respond appropriately to violations of the rules to the degree at which they are broken. The above spoiler tag only works in self-posts and comments, not post titles. To use a spoiler tag in comments, by typing >!Beware the Black Fang!!!Beware the Black Fang!< It is only fair they get a chance to go into a story blind for the full experience. Not everyone has played every Fire Emblem game. It's acceptable to discuss emulation without linking to illegal material.Ħ Please use spoiler tags for major plot events, regardless of the game. This includes the use of slurs and other forms of charged language, regardless of the intended context.ĥ No direct links to Fire Emblem gamefiles.įan patches/hacks are acceptable so long as they aren't pre-patched onto the original ROM/ISO. Bigotry, including (but not limited to) racism, sexism, homophobia, and transphobia will not fly here. Good-faith discussion and disagreement is permitted and encouraged on the subreddit, but personal attacks of any kind are unacceptable. Going after specific users in comments or through targeted posts is not allowed, nor is stalking users across the site and bringing in disagreements from other posts/subreddits.Ī basic level of respect and common decency towards others is expected on this subreddit. No Gore.Ĥa Stalking and harassment will not be tolerated. Any depictions of excessive or hyper-realistic violence will be removed. ![]() Sexual content that goes considerably beyond what's depicted in the series may be removed. NSFW content, be it sexual or violent, must be properly tagged. Additionally, if you want to ask a question, please do a quick good faith check before posting.ģ NSFW content must adhere to guidelines. This is mostly pertaining to FE news or other such breaking information. Submissions must be directly related to Fire Emblem. How to complete the 100 Baby Challenge in The Sims 4įFXIV: All of the new equipment in Patch 6.Come discuss Fire Emblem, the fantasy tactical RPG franchise! Submit content ![]() You’ll want to study each character’s strengths and weaknesses before changing classes in Fire Emblem Engage.įor more on Fire Emblem Engage, stay tuned to Press SPACE to Jump!įFXIV: All of the Moogle Treasure Trove: 10th Anniversary Hunt RewardsįFXIV: All of the new items in Patch 6.45 Users can also swap those classes as they see fit, but be advised some characters excel with certain classes while others struggle. While every character starts with a specific class, players can evolve their current class as they level up for more powerful abilities and tactics.
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![]() If you have trouble envisioning when using the law of attraction at first, don’t worry–you’re not alone. No matter the objective, all successful visualizations have one thing in common: they start with an idea and end with implementation. Visualization is necessary for any manifestation because it connects your thoughts and the physical world. He even credits his ten-figure price tag for each picture to it. In public, Jim Carrey discusses the law of attraction, and he’s well worth your time. Kanye West and Jay Z are also celebrities.Lindsey Vonn is a skier from the United States.Jim Carrey and Will Smith are well-known actors.The following celebrities know how to visualize and have used visualization techniques to further their careers: Get used to using your visualizing a simple mental image before you get into the more advanced techniques for your manifesting purposes. Visualization can be used by anyone who wants to work on their future goals and do it for their purposes.Īt first, while closing your eyes, you may only see space or the room you’re sitting in before you get into your wishful thinking. This technique is often used by athletes, who use mental imagery, and as many details as possible to rehearse their performances before they step on the field or court.When you sit down and close your eyes to visualize, you’re training your brain to see your desired outcome, what you want to happen, as if it’s happening.Because our bodies want these things to happen, they work harder to make them happen.When you learn how to visualize better using positive focus and thoughts – Your mind begins to work on overcoming the obstacles that stand in your path to attaining those goals by sending positive energy and messages through the body, including hormones such as dopamine and serotonin (which are associated with feelings of joy) and adrenaline (which gives us energy), which signal your brain to solve the problem. You must first understand visualization techniques, learn how to visualize better, to understand how it benefits the human body, your mind and the results that you can produce. How To Visualize Better Using Visualization Techniques Now that you understand how powerful visualization techniques fit in with manifesting and performance let’s look at how to practice visualization techniques in real life. Visualization allows you to envision exactly what you want in real life, as if it were already here, making the manifestation process much more manageable. Visualization establishes an emotional bond between your subconscious mind and the universe that attracts the energy required for a manifestation to occur. ![]() According to research, mental visual rehearsal can improve: ![]() This is how habits are formed visualization is a powerful tool to create new, positive habits. When you repeatedly imagine what you want to achieve, the corresponding neurons will fire more frequently, and soon they will connect to other neurons that can help you achieve your goal. ![]() When you visualize, you are creating new neural pathways in your brain. It is a form of mental rehearsal and can be used for anything you desire, whether passing an exam, becoming financially free, improving your health, or attracting your dream partner. The definition of visualization is creating a mental image of something that you want to happen. Since the 70s, virtually everyone interested in performance -from professional athletes to CEOs-has employed visualization methods to enhance their results in life.īefore we get into how to visualize your goals, let’s review what this is and why top athletes, CEO, and Hollywood celebrities are using it to “perform” and achieve their BHAG goals.Psychologists have studied how to visualize and how imagery works and why it works, and the results are precise.The fact is that you don’t need to be religious to benefit from visualization techniques.However, owing to its reputation as a magical thing that isn’t grounded in reality, visualization is frequently considered something woo-woo. People worldwide have been employing various kinds of visualization methods for millennia. ![]() ![]() Take the following steps to use the Citation Export Tool when viewing a result list: You can export the bibliography for a results list. Note: RIS is not available when viewing a document in full. Paste the text into your word processor document.Click on the document you want to export a bibliography for.Take the following steps to use the Citation Export Tool when viewing a document in full: You can export the bibliography for an individual document from your results list or from an individual document you added to a folder. For more information on folders, see Folder Basics on Nexis Uni. The tool is available for all Source Categories. Not all document types have citation formats in all the style manuals. Note: There are numerous 3rd party citation tools. RIS file to use 3rd party citation tools i.e., EndNote, Citepro, EasyBib, Zotero, etc.You can select from these style manual formats: Generating the Bibliography from a Folder Generating the Bibliography from a Results List Generating the Bibliography from an Individual Document You can export a bibliography from an individual document, results list, and a folder. For more information, watch this video: For more information on importing from other reference managers, click here.You can use the Citation Export Tool on Nexis Uni ® to export a bibliography which lists the citations for documents you select. This is also how one would import citations from another citation manager such as RefWorks or EndNote. In Zotero, click on the gear icon and select Import. ![]() When using a database's export citation function, save the file. In this case, leave the "Use Zotero for downloaded RIS/Refer files" unchecked. Those using other web based reference tools, such as RefWorks, in conjunction with Zotero may not want exported citations automatically added to Zotero. If it is Zotero will automatically add the citation to your library when you click the database's export button.Ģ. Under the General tab, make sure that "Use Zotero for downloaded RIS/Refer files" is checked. Go into the Zotero preferences by clicking on the gear icon and selecting preferences. Zotero supports MODS, BibTex, RIS, Refer/BibIX, and Dublin Core RDF formats.There are two options for a manual export from a database into Zotero.ġ. In this case you can often use the export citation tool provided by the database. There may be times when you are searching in a database and Zotero does not provide a list, book, or article icon to easily import the reference into your library. To learn how to import records from other reference tools, see Exporting between Refworks/EndNote/Zotero. Create new item from webpage (button in tool bar).Add item by ISBN, DOI, or PubMed Id (button in tool bar).The rest of the boxes on this page show you to import items to Zotero: There are a number of ways to manually create a new citation in Zotero as well. If an address bar icon does not appear for some reason, you can generally use the database's export function to export the citation as an RIS. If you are having problems, you can check Zotero's Known Translator Issues page. Additionally, as databases and websites are updated, the translator may become temporarily impared. Unfortunately, translators do not exist for every database with citation information. Zotero uses a "translator" to detect citations on a page. Zotero will automatically detect when you are searching in most databases and provide an address bar icon to easily add citations to your library. The online torrent downloader has many advantages over the µTorrent Classic desktop-based software, including a simpler interface, less settings, and an experience that is integrated more tightly with your online browsing. The interface features a prominent media player that can play your files near-instantly, while they download, or you can play them when you’re offline. Unlike µTorrent Classic, which is a desktop-based torrent client, µTorrent Web is an online torrent downloader that installs into your favorite web browser. If the files you download are video or audio based, and you like the ability to play them while you download, µTorrent Web is a great choice. Since the standard settings work just fine, you can still download torrents without needing to setup or configure the software. The torrent client is more ideal for experienced users given the variety of customization options, however, is still perfectly suitable for beginners. ![]() Also, µTorrent Classic is a torrent client that you can remotely access any time, from anywhere in the world, provided that your computer at home is turned on and µTorrent Classic is running. A Fast, Easy and Free Bittorrent Client For Mac, Windows and Linux. It’s ideal if you are looking to download different types of files frequently, as the automation features can help streamline the process. Open the official website and download the software. Here is the Download link for you Memu Play Website. Step 1: Download and Install MemuPlay on your PC. Now we will see how to Download Torrent- Torrent Downloader for PC Windows 10 or 8 or 7 laptop using MemuPlay. ΜTorrent Classic is a desktop-based torrent client that is packed with features to enable both download automation and remote connectivity to your torrent client from anywhere in the world. It is super flexible, fast and exclusively designed for gaming purposes. I can’t decide between µTorrent Classic or µTorrent Web. Ideal for experienced users, it’s the best Windows 10 torrent client and supports Windows versions all the way back to XP, Vista, 7 and 8. Torrex Lite - Torrent Downloader is a special app that allows users to download various types of torrents onto their laptop, PC, tablet or Smartphone. This torrent client is virtually devoid of flaws, and the many useful features and free distribution make it an excellent choice for all categories of PC users. Download and install it on your Android devices and you’ll have access to the awesome. It comes at no cost so all you’ll need to do is find the uTorrent Pro APK file on our website. ![]() Since then, µTorrent has been developed on a continuous basis to provide a deep feature set perfectly suited for automating torrent downloads, managing bandwidth and data usage, customizing the interface and more. And if you want to experience a more convenient way of downloading files, it’s best to take a look at our pro version. Launched over a decade ago by Ludvig Strigeus, µTorrent (also known as micro torrent) became popular due to its tiny file size and the small memory footprint required to run on Windows. What makes µTorrent Classic the most popular torrent client? ![]() Now drizzle in some agave nectar plus some lime juice. This is what really helps to make the drink purple! Muddle all the berries together until completely crushed and juicy. Grab your cocktail shaker and toss in fresh blackberries, blueberries, and raspberries. Muddle The Fresh Berries For Our Purple Halloween Drink Spread on a flat plate, rub the rim of the glass with a little lime and dip it into the sugar rim mixture. Enchant Your Halloween with a Witchy Purple Potion Halloween CocktailĬreate a quick sweet/spicy/salty cocktail rim for our spooky drink! Combine a little blue and purple sanding with a few pinches of coarse sea salt and cracked ground pepper (optional) in a small bowl. It’s kind of a fresher, more colorful take on that old cauldron bubbling cocktail. It’s the perfect cocktail to serve up if you’re looking for something different than a witches brew cocktail. It has a zippy yet sweet flavor with lots of lemon and berry soda pop taste. The blueish color of the pop ads to the purple hue happening in this tasty Halloween tequila drink. If you’re planning on whipping up a tasty purple potion cocktail like this one, grab a few bottles of this tasty fizzing soda pop here! It is so perfect as a sparkling topper in this beautiful and zesty witchy margarita cocktail. I actually love this craft soda pop in the clear cream flavor too, but this blue lemonade flavor had me at hello. (Also known as Jones Sugar Cane Soda in ‘Berry Lemonade’ flavor.) Skip this step of the potion if you are unicorn tear intolerant, of course. The super tasty finishing touch is a splash of sparkling unicorn tears-for youth and vitality. Plump and juicy blackberries, blueberries, and raspberries add tons of fruity berry flavor, but the special addition of a little fizzy pop makes this purple witchy cocktail really hit the spot! I love how the black peppercorn on the rim bites back with little peppery pokes of spice as you sip. ![]() This witchy, spooky cocktail is perfect for serving up at your next Halloween party… A beautiful deep purple color will hypnotize your guests with delicious fresh berry flavor as you craft your cool cocktail magic into this fun tequila Halloween cocktail.īlue and purple sanding sugars plus coarse sea salt and ground peppercorn hit every sip with tinges of sweet, salt, and heat. This page contains affiliate links which allow me to earn small commissions from qualifying purchases of fun and favorite products at no cost to you.įresh crushed blueberries, blackberries, and raspberries are shaken up and chilled with all the working parts of a margarita: fresh lime, silver tequila, and dashes of agave nectar.Ī colorful cocktail rim frames the libation with bold color and flavor… It’s the perfect Halloween drink recipe for those of you in search of a purple tequila cocktail made with simple ingredients. a Deliciously witchy Halloween Margaritaĭon’t be afraid! Step inside…the witch is in! She may ask you, “What is your heart’s desire, my pretty? Youth? Beauty? Immortality?!” Fill your glass with this festive purple margarita and sip in spooky Halloween style while you let this tasty enchanting potion work its magic… A Delicious Witchy Purple Halloween Cocktail with Tequila… Enchant your night with this very berry-licious Witch’s Potion margarita! It’s a delicious enchanting purple Halloween drink with lots of delicious little details… A little magic goes a long way in this mesmerizing mix of fresh crushed berries, zesty lime, and silver tequila. ![]() ![]() IS AN INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL WEB INFORMATION SERVICE WHICH BRINGS TOGETHER ONLINE DIRECTORIES AND OTHER SEARCH RESOURCES FROM THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES. This modern beer hallrestaurant specializes. Winona.ĪREA CODES FOR PHONE NUMBERS IN MINNESOTAįor example the Andover area code is 218, so you need to dial +1218 before the local phone number. Saint Paul’s Guardian of Good: The Gnome Craft Pub is a neighborhood gastro pub with over 60 beers on tap. SEARCH WHITE PAGES RESIDENTIAL AND OTHER DIRECTORIES IN THESE CITIES AND OTHER AREAS OF MINNESOTAĪlbert Lea, Austin, Bemidji, Bloomington, Brainerd, Brooklyn Park, Burnsville, Cloquet, Coon Rapids, Duluth, Eagan, East Bethel, Eden Prairie, Elk River, Fairmont, Faribault, Fergus Falls, Hastings, Hibbing, Hutchinson, Lakeville, Mankato, Marshall, Minneapolis, Minnetonka, Moorhead, New Ulm, North Mankato, Northfield, Owatonna, Plymouth, Red Wing, Rochester, Saint Cloud, Saint Paul, Willmar. Local time right now in Minnesota is shown at top right of this page. Minnesota is in the CST (Central Standard Time) or CDT (Central Daylight Time) depending on the time of year. ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR SEARCHES, IS FOR "MN DMV" It also offers reverse call lookup, and reverse address search. Please refer questions and comments about employee contact information to Human Resources staff at the appropriate agency. 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Dex Media Internet Marketing & Advertising Directory & Guide Advertising Publishers-Directory & Guide Website (651) 675-4300 North A Saint Paul, MN 55101 3. Since 1971, Southview Animal Hospital has been saving lives and providing excellent care for family pets. If youve been financially impacted by COVID-19, youre not alone. Dex in Saint Paul, MN About Sort: Default 1. Directories (Electronic Reference Sources) ( Rutgers University Libraries) Forgot email CAPTCHA image of text used to distinguish humans from robots. Bank branches in Saint Paul, Minnesota - we are happy to serve you by walk-in, appointment or drive-up. Fleischhacker is a concrete & masonry business serving the following Twin Cities, MN areas: Woodbury, Saint Paul, Oakdale, Cottage Grove, Maplewood. 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EQ Audio Equalizer works on all web pages including YouTube videos, live stream, TV and online radios. When people started putting their hands on a variety of options spread out in front of them, though, nearly everyone expressed preference for an analog tuning dial over digital buttons, even if it meant giving up station presets and automatic channel scanning. EQ Audio Equalizer for all website Audio Equalizer is for adjust volume of sound, bass booster, sound booster (up to 3x volume your speakers), dim the highs, up the vocals, 12 band parametric EQ, switch between stereo and mono. ![]() Potential shoppers and current tabletop radio owners we surveyed were pretty evenly split in their preference for analog over digital tuning, though none of them felt strongly about the choice. This finding was actually the result of a curious turnaround. Video of Sexual Assault Goes Viral in India, Renewing Attention on Ethnic Conflict. Analog beats digital almost every time.Bluetooth connectivity was of bigger interest to potential shoppers than in previous years but still wasn’t a necessity. Many potential shoppers, current tabletop radio owners, and novice testers insisted-almost without exception-that AM reception was as crucial as FM reception (even those who admitted that they never listened to AM). The tool is open-source and brings a wide range of modification options. AM reception is a must, and Bluetooth support is a nice bonus. Realtek HD Audio Manager is the best sound equalizer app you can use on your Windows computer. ![]() Not everyone has an audio engineering background, but thankfully, you don’t need one to reap the benefits of. They’re pre-defined equalizer settings created for a specific type of music. In fact, none of the people we interviewed even mentioned it until we prompted them. An equalizer lets you boost bass, tweak treble, and more to tune your audio to taste. Presets are very common among software equalizers. For most shoppers, a good tabletop radio should be as pleasing to touch as it is to look at. The software offers a variety of features along with several customization. The software allows you to change the audio settings through a 10 band equalizer. Solid tuning and good ergonomics are a major priority. Equalizer APO is the best audio/sound equalizer for Windows 10 that you can use. Equalizer Pro is another best equalizer for Windows 10. ![]() Interviewees also quite frequently mentioned that a variety of finish options would be preferable, though not essential. By a huge margin, the feature that most people mentioned first was design, with the terms “retro” and “executive styling” popping up time and again. Renee Alway, a former inmate, is a noted American model and a former contestant of America's Next Top Model and Modelville runner-up.From Januto July 2016 six women committed suicide at CIW, and there had been an increase in suicide attempts. įrom 2006 to 2013 one woman at CIW committed suicide. In 2007, the state of California proposed building 45 new units for mentally ill inmates at CIW and 975 at the nearby California Institution for Men local officials opposed such plans. Among other programs for inmates at CIW is "Voices from Within" in which inmates read books on tapes for "high school students in remedial classes," "college students with reading disabilities," and the blind. In the early years of CIW, convicted women wore Sunday dresses while walking and working at the campus-like setting until the 1980s when three towers were added with officers atop armed with shotguns. CIW was the only women's prison in California until 1987, when the Northern California Women's Facility opened. CIW was originally called "California Institution for Women at Corona," but "Corona residents objected to the use of their city in the prison's name and it was changed March 1, 1962, to Frontera, a feminine derivative of the word frontier, symbolic for a new beginning." It housed the location of the death row for women in the state. The original California Institution for Women was dedicated in Tehachapi in 1932 however, after the 1952 Kern County earthquake, the female inmates were transferred to the just-opened CIW in Chino, and the Tehachapi facility was rebuilt as the male-only California Correctional Institution. ĬIW is located east of Downtown Los Angeles, and it takes about one hour to travel to the prison from Downtown LA. Īs of April 30, 2020, CIW was incarcerating people at 111.1% of its design capacity, with 2,640 occupants. As of October 31, 2013, it had a design capacity of 1,398 but a total institution population of 2,155, for an occupancy rate of 154.1 percent. In addition, a Reception Center "provides short term housing to process, classify and evaluate incoming inmates." Īs of Fiscal Year 2008/2009, CIW had 977 staff and an annual budget of $75 million Institutional and $2.6 million Education. ![]() ![]() ![]() Its facilities include Level I ("Open dormitories without a secure perimeter") housing, Level II ("Open dormitories with secure perimeter fences and armed coverage") housing, and Level III ("Individual cells, fenced perimeters and armed coverage") housing. Women's prison in Chino, California California Institution for Women (CIW)ģ3★7′00″N 117☃8′06″W / 33.950°N 117.635°W / 33.950 -117.635Ĭalifornia Department of Corrections and RehabilitationĬalifornia Institution for Women ( CIW) is a women's state prison located in the city of Chino, San Bernardino County, California, east of Los Angeles, although the mailing address states " Corona," which is in Riverside County, California.Īlthough the official California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation documents give a "Corona, California" mailing address for CIW in Riverside County, the prison has been physically located in the city of Chino since 2003 following an annexation of land in previously- unincorporated San Bernardino County. ![]() Practically speaking, waveform and vectorscope monitoring is commonly used in a video environment for the purposes of: A vectorscope maps a video’s color information onto a circular chart. In simplified terms, a waveform monitor displays the brightness (or “luminance”) of a shot over time, while vectorscopes are used to measure the color information in a video image, such as hue and saturation. An electrocardiogram (EKG) waveform Video scopes for live productionīased on oscilloscope technology came two very useful scopes for video: the waveform monitor and the vectorscope. ![]() Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, automotive and telecommunications industries.įor example, I’ve you’ve ever been to a hospital or medical clinic for an electrocardiogram–the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin–you’ve actually experienced a special type of oscilloscope firsthand. The observed waveform can be analyzed for properties like: amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion etc. The resulting plot is what is known as a waveform – the shape and form of a signal in the shape of a wave. Modern video scopes are based on the original oscilloscope, defined as a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals over a function of time. But for those who aren’t – video scopes are powerful tools for perfecting your video productions in both live and post-production settings, especially when combined with portable capture devices, such as Epiphan’s AV.io family of versatile and easy to use video grabbers. This is the second part in a series on Lean Threat Intelligence.If your line of work involves monitoring and/or editing video images, you’re already likely familiar with the concept of a scope. In Lean Threat Intelligence, Part 1: The Plan, we discussed the general workflow the Threat Intelligence team at Fastly uses to plan for projects. In our example, we have a central Syslog Aggregator that pools together logs from all of our services. Now we can use this topology to move forward with the Systems Diagram and start performing the next step: technology selection. ![]() The previous post assumes that there was already a syslog aggregator server in this environment. ![]() In our case, it’s an rsyslog server and it has a collection of logs that exist on disk for further analysis. Further analysis should never mean grep A.B.C.D. “We Do Not Sow” - Introducing House Graylog #Scopebox ip stream fullįoo.log we should take full advantage of technologies that excel at making this amount of data intuitive for humans to sift through. When selecting log management technologies, you have to make a few decisions about how you want to manage them from an infrastructure viewpoint. There are SaaS companies that will manage this infrastructure for you, and there are open source log managers that give users granular control over the infrastructure. It all comes down to resources, which include budget, people that manage the infrastructure, and policy. Lastly, do you want to host sensitive log and audit data on infrastructure you do not own? Will you spend the money for a SaaS provider? If not, an open source stack can cost more money in terms of people and infrastructure. We went through similar motions at Fastly, and decided on Graylog as our log management technology. Graylog makes use of streams, which can be used as an access control mechanism for multiple users viewing subsections of logs based on their team.Graylog also has a Kibana competitor with its Webserver frontend, with useful features such as account management and native alerting with emails/pagerduty.Graylog uses the popular Elasticsearch technology stack which makes log indexing and searching straightforward.We have teams at Fastly that work closely with the security team to manage infrastructure like this in production.We want to restrict access to sensitive logs and have ownership of their security to reduce the attack surface. This makes our system available to multiple teams as opposed to just security. If we ship logs to Graylog, we solve user stories one and two from the previous post. This is a huge benefit for us as a team, especially because Graylog is a well-maintained and documented stack and is an attractive option based on our constraints. ![]() It may not be evident from the raw test data how the pump will perform in a specific application, but this information can then be corrected to user conditions, including the user’s fluid viscosity, and operating speeds and pressures. This allows the manufacturer to record detailed performance data at different operating conditions to develop a data set at this known viscosity.įrom standard testing, manufacturers can determine whether or not the output of the pump meets minimum requirements for performance. With fluid sampling and calibration, along with temperature measurements, the viscosity of this test fluid is known. The process involves the following: A test fluid suitable for the pump is selected. This step can instill confidence in a pump’s performance before it ever reaches the end user’s site. This is where standard testing and data correction becomes critical. With many variations in system fluids, pressures and driver speeds, a single manufacturer cannot be expected to be able to test to all possible operating conditions. No two pumps are identical due to differences in the manufacturing process, so how can a manufacturer guarantee that a pump will perform in a user’s specific application? Now that the manufacturer has the correct information to select or design a pump, more questions may arise from the user relative to a guarantee that this pump will perform once it is installed in their system. Another two-screw multiphase pumping system The Role of Testing & Data Correction This can lead to cavitation and excess vibration. In extreme cases, the pump may not function properly due to inadequate suction pressure to fill the suction end pumping elements. In a lubricating oil system, excess flow that is dumped back to a holding tank can aerate the oil and increase its operating temperature. The higher flow produced by the disparity in viscosity will draw more power from an electric motor and could potentially trip the motor’s protection circuit. On the other hand, a pump that is selected for a fluid where viscosity is higher than predicted could also have negative impacts on a system. In a lubricating system, the consequences of lower flow than predicted may lead to oil starvation of bearings. Low flow may lead to reduced output in a crude oil pipeline, which translates into lower throughput per day, and ultimately a financial loss. A positive displacement pump designed or selected for a fluid where the viscosity is lower than predicted will produce less flow than expected. This can have a major impact on the pump, the system or both. Sometimes data is provided to a manufacturer during the quotation phase, but it is incorrect or incomplete. Two-screw multiphase pumping system The Consequences of Inaccurate Data For these and other reasons, it is acceptable to provide a range of viscosities that represent the fluid at varying conditions so the manufacturer can establish operating limitations where required. In this process, off-design conditions such as startup should also be considered, as well as seasonal changes for applications that are affected by outdoor temperatures. Using this chart, the viscosity of a fluid at any temperature in the associated range can be determined. With the kinematic viscosity known at two temperatures, ASTM D341: Standard Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products can be used to develop a plot of kinematic viscosity over a range. After recording twice at two different temperatures, the kinematic viscosity of the fluid can be calculated. The time it takes for a volume of fluid to flow through a calibrated viscometer under a known pressure and temperature is measured. One of the widely accepted methods used in determining a fluid’s viscosity is ASTM D445: Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids. If a user is unsure of their fluid’s viscosity range, it is recommended to send a fluid sample to a qualified lab for evaluation. The more viscous a fluid, the higher the flow rate will be for a positive displacement pump at a constant pressure and input speed-an advantage when handling heavy liquid hydrocarbons.įor a user to ensure that they will receive a pump that will perform as desired in their application, specific detail on viscosity is critical. ![]() The viscosity of a fluid is a key element in sizing and developing any pump, and the effects of viscosity on a positive displacement pump are much different than those on a centrifugal pump. (Images courtesy of CIRCOR) Viscosity Calculation Is Vital Conducting fluid viscosity testing in Western Canada, a harsh setting. |
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